Basis of Prosperity: Land Reform

Even today there are many Bhoomi worshipers in the world. Therefore, land is closely connected not only with ownership, but also with people's feelings.

Earth and human relations

Man is a social animal in the modern world, passing through the primitive communist era, the slave era, the feudal era and the capitalist era. Class did not exist in primitive communist society. According to Marx, the practice of class character came only after the origin of private property. Private property was not even practiced in the primitive communist era. Before becoming a society, a community, man was just an organism or an ordinary animal. Society arose over time. When the number of people increased, there was a division of labor between people to maintain life and livelihood, to run the society. The Kavila Group's evolution into a system of collective production and ownership gave rise to the category.

When people started cooking in their own homes from the practice of group cooking, collective ownership ended. When the primitive society disintegrated and the slave age began, then the state power arose. The basic character of state power, which originated with the rise of private property, is to protect private property. Since the slave age, feudalism and capitalist state power consider the protection of private property as the main goal, a weaker section of the society is always landless and lives in a life of scarcity. Another section of the society that has access to politics, state power and capital, they hoarded the vast resources of such wealth and land for their possession. Over time, the weaker sections of the society are struggling to rise above the ground level.

Due to lack of access to land in their possession or land to produce food, even now about 10 percent of the world's people are in hunger, that is, one billion people in the world sleep hungry at night. According to the World Hunger Indicator Report 2022, 828 million people are forced to live in the grip of hunger. 9 million people die of starvation every year. Nepal ranks 81st among 121 countries in the world hunger list.

land : complicated problem

Rajas and Ranas distributed land to those who were close to the state power including birta, job, etc. at different stages. Those who could do the act of taking over, usurping, voluntarily taking/giving. After conquering Nuwakot in 1801, the then King Prithvi Narayan Shah started the Birta tradition in Rasuwa and Nuwakot. According to the Community Self-Reliance Center (CSRC), 2071 study, 1,558 families in Nuwakot and 718 families in Rasuwa have cultivated land as plots. Farmers are having to struggle a lot to get the red parts.

According to Global Land Tool Network (GLATN), UN Habitat and CSRC study (2079) After the implementation of the Land Act of 2021, 18 lakh 19 thousand 54 farmers registered to maintain Mohi. Out of which 15 lakh 55 thousand 910 got temporary Nissa and 4 lakh 69 thousand got Mohi certificate. Diss. After the fourth amendment of the Act in 2053, when it was announced that mohi and land owners would share half of the land and end dual ownership, although 470,000 mohi farmers submitted applications, it is reported that only about 43,000 mohi farmers were allocated land. Most Mohi farmers still have problems. Some cases are in Malpot and others are in court. The government has given a deadline of 2082 for distribution of Mohi.

In the western region, Haliya customs are still being practiced. According to a 2006 study, there were 300,000 Haliyas across the country. But the state gave identity cards only to 16,322 families. According to a study report titled 'Bandheeka Haatharu' published by CSRC, there are 60,000 Haliyas. More than 70,000 families are Harwa/shepherds. In Dangparika Banke, Bardia, Kailali and Kanchanpur alone, about 100,000 people from more than 18,400 families are Kamaiya (currently free).

The hard life of the landless

65 families have been living without land since 2028 in Gurvakot Municipality-6 Ratamata of Surkhet. 116 landless families of Badi community have been living on the banks of the river since 2044 in Birendranagar municipality-1 Jupra settlement of Surkhet. Bishnu Badi, the leader of the village, is saddened by the fact that he has not been able to get land despite repeated requests for housing. On the other hand, 62 households in Dangisharan Rural Municipality-5 Saloura of Dang have been living on landless land since 2028, but they do not even have the land on which they live. Similarly, 52 landless people living on Ailani land in Belka Municipality-1, Ambase of Udaipur have submitted an application to the Land Commission, hoping to get land. According to the National Land Commission, 1,436,400 people from 727 local levels across the country have submitted applications for land acquisition.

Guthi There is also a serious problem related to land. In the country, there are 2 thousand 82 Raj Guthi, 1 thousand 50 Deposit Guthi, 1 thousand 32 Exempt Guthi and 3 thousand 5 Lal Mohar related to Guthi. In Kathmandu Valley alone, there are 557 deposits and 556 exemptions. In Rajguthi, there are 61 thousand 637 bighas under Raitan number, 2 thousand 287 bighas under Guthi and 2 thousand 113 bighas under Guthi deployment. Farmers have been farming and making a living on these lands, but unfortunately, the farmers do not own them.

According to the seventh agricultural census of Nepal, there are 41 lakh 30 thousand 789 farming families (62 percent). They farm on 22 lakh 18 thousand 410 hectares of land. Ten years ago, 71 percent of the farming families were. Population dependent on agriculture is decreasing. There are 33 lakh 72 thousand 26 (82 percent) farming on their own land, 59 thousand 91 families (1 percent) farming on other people's land, 10 thousand 281 families (0.2 percent) farming only on unclaimed land. The remaining 699 thousand 391 (16.8 percent) farming families do farming on mixed (own, others and unused) land. In the last 10 years, the area of ​​land used by farming families and planted with crops has decreased by about 415,000 hectares. The total cultivated land area is 18 lakh 76 thousand 343 hectares. In one decade, the barrenness of the temporary cultivated land has increased by 95% and the total area of ​​barren land has reached 60,524 hectares.

Kisan Andolan

In every fight for political change, the landless, Dalits, women, marginalized communities and the disenfranchised and the peasant community seem to be at the forefront. The 2007 democracy overthrew the Rana regime. Multiparty system came in 2046. In 2052, many of the landless also took part in the armed war started by the Maoists. Even in the 2062/063 movement that brought about the republic, the disenfranchised remained at the forefront. After the country went to federal structure, it was hoped that the problems of the landless and farmers would be solved by the local government. Ironically, the result was zero.

When discussing the farmers' movement for land reform, the names that come to the fore are Bhimdutta Pant, Tulsi Lal Amatya and Baldev Ram. Pant, who started a campaign to tear down Jali Tamsuk while talking about land reform, was killed in a conspiracy. Amatya launched an awareness campaign among the farmers. Ram, who was born in Saptari, led the movement for freedom from discrimination and the boycott of Sino. Since 2051, Mohi has been traveling across the country, raising the issue of land reform, and the names of Somprasad Bhandari, Jagat Basnet, Jagat Deuja and others come to the fore.

After the people's movement of 2046, commissions and committees were formed 18 times in the name of solving the problem of landless squatters, registering land, and distributing land. Drona Prasad Acharya (2047), Achyutaraj Regmi (2047), Bal Bahadur Rai (2048), Shailaja Acharya (2049), Rishiraj Lumsali (2051), Wise Tamang (2052), Chanda Shah (2054), Wise Tamang (2054), Tarini Dutt Chatout (2055); 2076) and Keshav Niraula (2078) were the coordinators of the commission. The Niraula-led National Land Commission government has opened the door for the formation of another commission by disbanding it recently.

The commission formed in the last 33 years was able to work for 1 year and 8 months. Some of these commissions distributed land to 160,210 landless families at various stages. But the previously distributed red parts do not work due to some white parts and some parts not being maintained.

Keshav Badal's high-level scientific land reform commission in 2051, Ghanendra Basnet's high-level scientific land reform commission in 2067 and Haribol Gajurel's high-level land reform commission in 2068 have submitted reports on land reform to the government of Nepal. Even if only the report given by this commission was implemented, the land reform would have gained momentum.

There is a law, but it is not implemented.

The constitution provides for the right to food in Article 36, the right to housing in Article 37, and the rights of Dalits in Article 40. Under Article 40 of the Fundamental Rights, it is mentioned that the state will provide land to landless Dalits once according to the law and provide housing to Dalits without housing. Under Part 4 of the Constitution, the guiding principles, policies and responsibilities of the state have special provisions for solving the problems of landless, squatters and unorganized settlements. Article 51 (h) of the policy on the basic needs of citizens, point 11 mentions 'managing unorganized settlements and developing planned and orderly settlements'. In Article 51 (j) of the social justice and inclusion policy, point 6 states that 'Mukt Kamaiya, Kamalari, Harwa/Herder, Haliya, Landless, Squatters will be identified and rehabilitated by arranging arable land or employment for housing and livelihood'.  ;

The Eighth Amendment of the Land Act, 2021 and the Eighteenth Amendment of the Regulations have been made. There is also the Land Use Act 2076. Management of landless squatters and unorganized residents has been added to Section 52 b and c of the Land Act. In which it is said that even if the forest has been registered in the official, public, private or government records, the person who has settled for at least 10 years and has built a house/tahara for at least 10 years will be registered and managed. But these laws have not been effectively implemented. No matter how many commissions and committees were formed, there was no representation from the victim community. Some of the people of the party were only made a place to eat.

land reform is necessary

In the context of Nepal, the land is the identity of the people. It is the basis of living. Land gives self-esteem to poor people and farmers. Establishes access to state-provided facilities. Overall production increases and contributes to the country's economy and food security in particular. The 4th Living Standard Survey, 2079/80 has shown that 20.27 percent of the population in Nepal is below the poverty line. This means that almost 60 million Nepalis are living a miserable life due to lack of grass, housing, cotton, education and health. This is a question that comes with connecting with the land.

Most of the Dalit community, who have been at the back of society for centuries, are landless. Dalits have been landless ever since the caste system of Manusmriti has restricted a section of the society from acquiring property. The kings and Rana rulers were following it and depriving a section of the society of their right to land. Today, almost 90 percent of the Dalit community is landless.

Judicial distribution of land is necessary for land reform in the country. It will be justice to distribute land to those who have not yet owned the land, who have not even seen what Lalpurja is like. We have enough land to distribute to landless families. New land should not be brought and given. About 80 percent of the people who have been living and farming can be managed there. Parts are given after registration. The remaining 20 percent can be managed in degraded forest land, public and government land. For this, the will of the state is necessary.

On the other hand, it is necessary for the local government to take such land from those who do not cultivate and those in other occupations, who keep the land barren but keep the ownership, and distribute it to the farmers and the landless for production purposes. It is advisable to arrange for the landowner to get some fee for using such land.

For land reform, it is necessary for each local level to prepare and implement a land use plan. For that, the state has issued the Land Use Act 2076. For its mandatory implementation, the federal government has issued circulars to the local governments several times. The state should give farmers with guaranteed land with guarantee of housing, embracing them to farmers, the state. Also, a long time has to solve a solution problem, the Rotia (Registration / Uddoer) The land cannot be improved without solving the kitchen. Even today, Haliya, Kamaiya and Harwa's skills that are in their traditional debt and the farming skills they can and under the age of minimal can be made arrangements for making arrangements to make a living in ministers. Story-BREAD land reform is not the only thing that is not the connected to the land distribution, it is a matter of judgment for the rights of land for hundreds of land. It is a process of transformation for their economic, social and political rights. That is why political commitment is just as important for the reform of land. & Nbsp;