Recently, before the Chukche map was passed by the parliament, there was a lot of discussion and debate on the Kalapani border. In particular, the incident heated up the parliament and the streets, saying that India had taken control of Nepal's territory by creating a new source of the Kali River. Even now, India has not recognized the Chukche map, which was unanimously passed by the Nepalese parliament on 31 Jestha 2077 with a two-thirds majority.

Some have been raising references such as the Nepalese government not knowing about the violation of its border or remaining silent even after knowing. However, the issue of India changing the border by changing the source of the Kali River had already entered the Nepalese parliament about 30 years ago, i.e. in 2053. Therefore, the issue of Nepal changing the source of the Kali River did not come into the spotlight only when the Chukche map was passed.

The Mahakali Treaty Joint Parliamentary Monitoring Committee, chaired by Speaker Ramchandra Poudel, had decided to study the issue of changing the source of the Kali River on the initiative of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba. It was decided that a parliamentary committee would go to Kalapani to study how and on what basis India moved the Kalapani River eastward when the Sugauli Treaty considered it as a border, and on what basis Nepal and China decided to set a trilateral meeting point.

The meeting of the Joint Parliamentary Committee formed to monitor the Mahakali Treaty had decided on 17 Kartik 2016 to demand information from the government about the source of the Kalapani River. The committee had started an investigation into the encroachment of the border by the Indian army in Kalapani, Darchula since 1962. In a joint meeting chaired by Speaker Poudel, the then Director General of the Survey Department, Punya Prasad Oli, informed that the source of the Mahakali River was Kalapani.

The then Foreign Minister Prakash Chandra Lohani had presented Nepal's position that Lepulek is the head of the Mahakali before the treaty was ratified. But Lepulek, the source of the Mahakali, had created an artificial Kalapani and an artificial river more than 10 km south of Kalapani and had been keeping the economic and military police and soldiers on the east side of the Mahakali under the name of 'India Tibetan Border Police Camp'.

Before the Mahakali Treaty was ratified, Indian Ambassador to Kathmandu KV Rajan had informed that if his soldiers were present in Nepal's territory, they would immediately withdraw them. But when asked about the origin of the Mahakali River, Ambassador Rajan remained silent. At that time, it was decided to send the Nepal-India Joint Border Technical Committee to understand the on-site situation in Darchula in the winter of that year. But since it was said that it would not be possible to go during the snowy season, it could not be decided when to go.

The border technical meeting was held in both countries alternately every year. But until 053 Kartik, no invitation had been received from India. That year, it was India's turn to call. If the meeting could not be held, the plan for the technicians to go to Kalapani would also be canceled. At that time, Nepal had expected to avoid having to go on a field visit to Lipulekh, the source of the Kali River. But India was unlikely to consider Lipulekh as the source. Because, since the India-China war, the Indian army has been stationed in Kalapani, which holds an important strategic position with Tibet.

As Lepulek is the shortest route from China to Delhi, India, it is still very important for India in strategic terms. It has also gained importance as it is the lowest and easiest border for tourism and trade. Until then, there was no history of discussions between Nepal and India on the demarcation of the Mahakali River (north of Brahmadev Mandi in Kanchanpur).

Although a map of the border had to be prepared and the demarcation would be done next year, there was no plan to hold a meeting. Parliamentary committee member Jhalanath Khanal had informed that he would go to inspect Kalapani by the second week of Mangshir 2053. The parliamentary committee had searched for documents between Nepal and the then British India since the Sugauli Treaty of 1816. According to a news report in Kantipur, although the western border was mentioned as the Kali River in the Sugauli Treaty, no document was found that clarified its origin. Two decades after the treaty, in 1837, an Indian citizen named J.V. Tasen personally drew a hand-drawn map, according to which the source of the Kali is Limpiyadhura. If the river flowing through Limpiyadhura is the Kali, the parliamentary committee was informed that Nepal had lost 20,000 acres of land due to military encroachment. The first survey conducted by the Survey Department of British India in 1856 also mentioned the origin of the Mahakali as Limpiyadhura. However, in that survey, the Nepal-India border was said to be the river flowing from Lipulekh to Kalapani. Nepal understood that India had unilaterally pushed Nepal's border east.

In the map prepared by the Survey Department of British India in 1977, the river that flows from Limpiyadhura was called Kutiangdi (Kuti River) and the river that flows from Lipulekh Kalapani was called Kali River. Kutiangdi is four times larger than the Kali River claimed by India. Due to this, three villages named Kuti, Dawe and Gunji, which are located between Kuti and Kali, were transferred to India. The basis for the border river Kali (Kutiangdi) of Nepal was that the locals had said that there were copper plates from the Rana period in the three villages.

In the old curriculum of India, the locals had claimed that they had read the lesson "Where did Kali come from?" from Kutiangdi. They had read the lesson around 2010/012 BS. The villagers who were annexed to India did not like to call themselves Nepali. Because, India had provided them with adequate services. That is why they called Nepal their neighbor. Their land was in Nepal. After Nepal's survey in the 1940s, when it was not possible to transfer Nepal's land to the name of Indians, they left that land. Until the 1950s, the ruins of the house they left were there. In 1905, British India unilaterally drew another map for the second time. In the map, it also rejected its old belief that the origin of Kali was Kalapani. After the war with China began, the Indian army was deployed there.

Based on various evidence, Nepal's understanding is that India created artificial Kalapani 300 meters north of the dry canal of Pankhagad. Nepali officials had confirmed 29 years ago that India had encroached on another 35 km of Nepal's territory by rejecting Lipulekh Kalapani. Nepal seems to have abandoned its stance that Kutiangdi is Kali in 1961, but the clear reason for this was not found. On October 5, 1961, King Mahendra and the then President of China signed the agreement in Peking.

The Nepal-China border agreement established the trilateral meeting point of Changla Bhanjyang near Lipulekh. But India had rejected that too. Changla Bhanjyang was used to host a trade fair for traders from all three countries. Therefore, the agreement considered the place as a trilateral area. Until the Nepal-China agreement was signed, Indian technicians from Nepal also participated in technical inspections. Only after that, Nepal began sending its own survey technicians to study in the UK to prepare them. Punya Prasad was one of the two people who returned from studying in the UK as the first interest. India had protested when Nepal had its technicians demarcate the border between Nepal and China for the first time in 1979.