After the 1990s, with the expansion of the Internet, the development in technology has ushered the world into the digital age. Digital space is being used excessively for information exchange, discussion, discussion or social interaction, education, business, use of services and facilities, business, entertainment etc.

Therefore, the right to access and exercise the digital space is interpreted as a human right. Not only this, the digital space has become an important medium for freedom of thought and expression. Digital space has become mandatory not only for publicizing the interests and expressions of individuals, but also for broad debates and discussions on public issues in socio-political issues.

is also conducting a strong campaign through digital media on socio-political issues such as environmental justice, apartheid, ending gender violence. It has served to connect, strengthen and strengthen the worldwide campaign working on the same issue and to hold the respective states accountable for justice. However, not everyone has equal access to the digital space.

is dominated and dominated by powerful nations, businessmen, classes and groups. The kind of apartheid, misogyny, religious extremism and casteism practiced in the world is reflected in the digital space as well. In the context of Nepal, sexual, gender and caste-based violence is widely practiced. 

Discrimination and violence

Structural discrimination and violence in human society has extended into the digital space. In particular, such violence is especially targeted at gender, caste and community. Such violence is widespread through social media content creation, reactions and memes.

A few years ago, Hark Sampang, the mayor of Dharan sub-metropolitan city, wrote a status on the social network Facebook that was inappropriately insulting the Chamar community. The status that Bethiti is said to have written against was full of inconsistencies and inconsistencies that condone caste discrimination. He had to make a public apology because of his racist status. 

The digital space has widened freedom of expression. Individuals have the basic right to seek, receive and express information. However, women and marginalized communities are subjected to excessive violence on social media due to expressing their opinions. Faced with threats. Some have even suffered severe trauma. A group attempted an all-out attack on actress Suraksha Pant for expressing an opinion about a member of the royal family.

The state must not under any circumstances display laws, policies and practices that violate freedom of expression. The right to privacy of individuals should be ensured, while on the other hand, policies and plans to end digital violence and discrimination that have increased with the prevalence of digital space should also be formulated and implemented.

Another actress Niruta Singh was scorned for hiding her caste. A lot of insulting and violent content targeting the personal lives of artists like popular singer Elina Chauhan, Samika Adhikari has been pouring out on social media.

Social networks are filled with extremely vulgar, misogynistic, violent and hateful expressions regarding people's private lives. In response to such violence, he started the 'Expose Campaign'. It has become a powerful campaign to publicize the names and reactions of people who express violence and hatred on social media. 

Famous singer Khem Century participated as a coach in the musical reality show 'Voice of Nepal'. Judging by the reactions on social media at the time, he was not easily accepted as a coach. After pressing the buzzer with his foot in the same reality show, he was showered with insults on social media.

Most of the insults done in this way were not only directed at the creator, musician, singer Khem, but the caste itself was dehumanized and insulted by saying 'Jat Janayo'. After the social media was filled with racist hate, hatred and insults, he had to say, "Shout me but don't insult my community". 

One of the main foundations of culture and cultural consciousness of Nepali society is based on discriminatory patriarchy and caste system. A social system based on social justice cannot be built without a radical transformation in such wrong and discriminatory cultural psychology and consciousness. There are very cruel reactions on the social media against the founders, artists, cultural workers etc. who can contribute to the cultural transformation. Prakash Saput is trying to solve the themes of social discrimination, oppression, poverty and exploitation through creation. At times, his creation or expression has been controversial.

At a time like this, he is not the only one affected by insults, insults and violence against Saput, especially in the digital space, the entire Dalit community is bound to be a victim of contempt. In the case of other initiators, only individuals share the success or failure, but marginalized communities are not allowed to be the only individuals. Therefore, the organizers are in a situation where they have to be responsible towards the community and also have to fight against violent forces. 

The world has gone to Artificial Intelligence (AI). It has started to be widely used for quick work. Even in Nepal, from the entrance examination in various educational institutions, the result of the recruitment of employees has started with AI. Even if the developed technology works, its construction, determination of indicators and operation will be done by humans. Therefore, if the indicator included in AI is made inclusive and discriminatory, it promotes discrimination.

According to a study conducted by the University of America, 85 percent of the white community can get a job when recruiting employees through AI, but only 9 percent of the black community has the opportunity. It shows that white men have more opportunities in key positions, but black men have very few opportunities in employment. It also shows that with the expansion of the use of AI, discrimination on the basis of color has also increased. Protests against ``techno-racism'', which reinforces or reproduces discrimination based on identity, have begun in America. With the development of

technology, the world has taken a huge leap forward. Even in the context of Nepal, the use of digital space has become mandatory and inevitable. However, digital technology is monopolized by powerful countries, classes and groups. In the world, just as politics is dominated by powerful, wealthy and capitalist countries, so is technology, equipment and operations dominated by the dominant countries.

is not only about this, but traditional differential thinking, approach and behavior in technology and digital space as well. It is contributing to the reproduction of discrimination and violence around the world. Looking at the practice of digital space in Nepal, although it has promoted the freedom of expression of women and marginalized communities, it is simultaneously increasing social hatred, hatred and violence.  

Virtual Resistance   The development of

technology alone cannot bring about a major transformation in human consciousness. The reflection of the socio-cultural reality is visible in the digital space. A person who is bound by the power of patriarchy and cultural psychology will express misogyny and violence in any space. Racism and casteism are dominant in the expression of a person with a discriminatory mindset of caste system. In this way, the development of technology and the increase in access to the digital space is also expanding the scope of social discrimination and violence.

As the saying goes, 'where there is violence, there is resistance', individuals, communities or groups who have been physically fighting for social justice against gender and racial violence, now have to resist in the virtual world as well. Digital campaigns such as 'Black Lives Matter' against discrimination and violence based on color, 'Dalit Lives Matter' against atrocities on Dalits, and 'MeToo' against violence against women are in operation.

Most of the discrimination and violence in the digital space in Nepal is based on gender, caste and community. Even more sensitive and personal issues of women, children and marginalized groups and communities who are in extremely vulnerable situations have been presented through digital media and more violence has been done to the affected people. In this way, the state should take special initiatives to prevent the tendency of people or communities in vulnerable situations to become more vulnerable. For

ing, in the last few years, the process of taking action against insults, hatred and contempt in the digital space under cyber crime seems to have started. However, only the victims of limited incidents have been able to get justice from the state, while the action against those involved in violence and discrimination through digital means is very weak. Even if there is violence and discrimination on the basis of gender and caste through any physical or digital means, the state should take the initiative for the justice of the affected person or community.

Discrimination on the basis of caste or gender is a governmental issue, so the state should be serious about this issue. The government, moving forward with the goal of creating digital Nepal, should also make a special action plan to reduce violence and discrimination in the digital space. It is very difficult for marginalized communities who have no access to justice to take initiatives for justice in digital violence. Mechanisms like Cyber ​​Bureau are also centered in Kathmandu. In such a situation, the state should be responsible and accountable to ensure the right of the marginalized community to get justice.