With the implementation of federalism, roads have been built in villages. People's representatives of political parties that are closer to power have also built a 'view tower' on a high hill. Projects have been going on for years in the name of national pride projects.

Large-scale hydro projects are in operation for power generation. The federal government has prioritized the agenda of 'Development and Prosperity'. Development is also the primary agenda of state and local governments. Naturally, people also want development.

After the Second World War basically the work of physical infrastructure accelerated and this was taken as the concept of 'development'. In particular, the countries that have built powerful empires around the world forcefully seized the natural resources of weaker countries in order to establish economic dominance along with material development. In that process, they became economically powerful as well as building physical infrastructure by greatly exploiting human resources.

With globalization, countries with weak economies have been transformed into the consumer markets of those powerful countries, while they are also becoming poorer day by day. This means that if we look at the rapid development of physical, economic, technological etc. areas all over the world, basically the economically-politically powerful countries are taking extreme benefits from such development.

The slogan of development and prosperity is very popular in Nepali politics. Even if the government raises the agenda of development with priority, what is the necessary development for socio-economic transformation? Different geographies, cultures and communities have different desires, expectations and goals for development. However, in Nepal, the practice of building the concept of development, identifying the needs and concerns of the people, and building development projects with the participation of the community has not been done.

Therefore, socio-economic development is possible by addressing the expectations and concerns of diverse communities only if development concepts, plans and strategies can be made inclusive. If not, a situation will be created where only certain classes will benefit from the cycle or process of overall development, but the basic people will have to face another type of economic-social crisis. However, the Nepal government has been completely ignoring the concerns of the community while developing the concept, policy and plan of the local, state and federal governments. Therefore, the development projects that are happening little by little have created various kinds of conflicts.

development for whom?

should be the main objective of development to bring about the ease of human life, community prosperity and positive transformation in the overall social, economic and cultural life of the state. As development is the need of the human community, only development as desired by the community helps to move the society forward. However, if we look at the history of the world, the objective of the imperialist countries that developed in the field of infrastructure in any country was to capture the resources of that country.

With globalization, the investments made by the world's powerful capitalist countries in poor and weak countries are made for profit. Naturally, such projects help to make the economy of the country dynamic, but ultimately, the big investors will get the most benefit from such projects. 

If we look at the development activities taking place in Nepal, the people and communities are less prioritized at the center of development. Instead traders, contractors, middlemen and interest groups are reaping the most benefits. For example, the Maghi community, who earn their living by fishing, have been displaced from their traditional occupations and land after the roads. With the expansion of the market, their traditional land has been taken away on the one hand, and their occupation on the other. Capitalists from other communities have done business in Majhi settlement, the fish business has also come under their control. The infrastructure of

development has been created, but after the crisis in the fishermen's profession and livelihood, the fishermen are forced to leave. If the development was able to address the needs and desires of the Majhi, their socio-economic life would also have been transformed, they would not have been displaced. Due to the fact that the community has not been placed at the center of development, there have been many kinds of crisis in the life of the community whose economic status is weak. It is the classes and communities that are excluded from the flow of development that need development the most. It should be development oriented for transformation in economic-social life of class and community. However, the development of Nepal tends to focus on the service of capitalists, traders and interest groups. 

land encroachment and rebellion 

There are thousands of examples of the imperialist powers of the world occupying the lands of indigenous peoples during the colonial period. Even in Nepal, there is a history of occupying thousands of bighas of Tharu land by the ruling class and community to make fertile and arable land. Similarly, in the name of land reform, the dominant classes and communities have been encroaching on the lands of tribal tribes and marginalized communities.

Not only this, the work of uprooting marginalized communities in the name of development is being done by the state. Sometimes in the name of building a university, sometimes in the name of building a hospital, sometimes in the name of a temple, sometimes in the name of road expansion. Tribal tribes and marginalized communities are the most affected by land encroachment. As its latest series, the incidents happening on Bozheni in Kathmandu Shankharapur and Mukkumlung in Taplejung can be taken.

Efforts are being made to displace more than 350 Tamang communities to build an electricity substation in Bozeni. The Tamang community of Bozeni has been continuously struggling since 2076 for the protection of the right of residence against the government's plan to displace the Tamang community from their ancestral lands in the name of electricity development.

The security personnel who are supposed to work for the security of the people are going into the houses of the community and torturing them. In the name of this development, not only the encroachment on the land of the Tamang community, but also state terror has been created. The situation where the community has to leave the self-interested project of the electricity producing company is not development, it is a plan to destroy the community. 

Mukkumlung in Taplejung, which is the historical cultural land of the tribal Limbu community. Mukkumlung, which is being preserved and promoted by the community, was installed in 2058 with an idol of Pathibhara Devi and converted into a Hindu temple. Which was an encroachment on the worldly historical culture. While struggling against the encroachment on the historical identity of tribal Limbu, the state has accepted another cable car construction project and started construction.

This project is also interpreted as a milestone in the development of Taplejung. Not only this, in the master plan of the Pathibhara Area Development Committee, hundreds of ropani community lands of three local municipalities are being seized and used for commercial projects. From this point of view, cultural encroachment, occupation of community land and encroachment on the livelihood of the local community in the name of business is being done in the state's involvement on the tribal Limbu community in Mukkumlung. Not only this, the forest is also being cleared for the operation of the cable car, which not only encroaches on the nature of Mukkumlung, but there is also a possibility of displacing wildlife. 

This model of Mukkumlung's development has encroached on the tribal land, lifestyle and culture on the one hand, and on the other hand, Mukkumlung is being handed over to profit-seeking capitalist traders in the name of Pathibhara area development. Naturally, the profit-seeking capitalist is not going to give any benefit to the community, because the cable car project will be used for the profit of Chandra Dhakal's company. In a sense, Mukkumlung with historical identity will be sold to profiteers in the name of development. The historical identity of Mukkumlung, which has been sold by the state, will not be preserved. Along with

, there will be no access and control over historical background. This project will sell Mukkumlung only for commercial purposes and will destroy the existence of Mukkumlung which carries the historical identity of Limbu. The local government and the federal government will collect some tax from this project, but the tax will not be used for the development of the language, culture and civilization of the people of Taplejung and especially the Limbu community. 

: Finally, the 'Pathibhara' identity that the state wants to establish will be established, while the identity of 'Mukkumalung', which carries history, will end. The reality is that the capitalist businessmen did not go there to operate the cable bar for the protection of Mukkumlung or the promotion of the historical site.

They went to destroy the local economy that is currently operating in Mukkumlung and to earn profit from business in the name of tourism. For this, he has bought the political leadership, administration and local leaders. Not only does it encroach on Mukkumlung, the project is also a model of 'brokerage of development'. It is also a model of how a capitalist can use the state, political leadership and representatives of the people. 

state terror 

If the state develops for the benefit of the people, it should create development plans, strategies and action plans in mutual coordination and agreement with the people and communities. It is also a responsibility of a democratic state. But, whether in Bozeni or Mukkumlung, the people are struggling against the destruction that development brings. However, the state has started oppressing the people to protect the interests of certain companies, capitalists or interest groups.