Today we are planning to sit and discuss about the environment. That place i.e. Jhapa is a supernatural place in itself in terms of environment. There is a forest spread over 6,000 hectares in the southwest about 30 km from here.

If the forest called Jalthal is Dulna, there are more species of trees (155) than the three countries with the most forests in Europe, Sweden (30), Finland (30) and Spain (80) can be found in Dulna. The number of birds found in the wetland forest is also more (235) than that of Bulgaria (201), which is considered to be the richest country in Europe. It is exciting and relevant to come to Jhapa, where so many types of plants, animals and mushrooms are preserved in such a small area, and discuss the environment.

Now we are going to discuss the environmental crisis in Nepal. I think, before evaluating the present, it is necessary to look at the history of Prague before understanding the history. Because the root of the current environmental crises is connected with the unimaginable "progress" made by the human species from the hunter-gatherer world through agriculture to the industrial age. So I would like to take you back to history once more. 

How was this Siwalik area of ​​Jhapa 100,000 years ago? What were the geography, rivers, forests and animals here? Probably at that time this land was uninhabited, human ancestors had not arrived here. But the species of Asian elephants that evolved from African elephants separated 20 to 5 million years ago and arrived here. Along with those elephants, large mammals such as tigers and rhinoceros roamed freely in this land for a long time.

Long after the arrival of those creatures, i.e. about 44 to 73 thousand years ago, the human ancestors who came from Africa came to Australia through the jungles of Malaya near the Bay of Bengal located a few hundred kilometers from this place . Some groups of humans who left with them traveled 20 to 24 thousand years ago through China and Japan and reached America 13 to 15 thousand years ago and settled down.

I'm talking about our wandering wild ancestors after humans discovered fire and burned meat to eat it. In this way, the people who started traveling from Africa, wherever they went, they destroyed the big animals. The energy of the human species to travel the world and struggle for survival was ultimately such large mammals. Established facts say that between 55,000 and 13,000 years ago, 178 species of large-bodied creatures on this earth disappeared forever. The cause of this was not volcanoes or asteroids as seen earlier in the history of the earth, but humans. We were . Of course, our ancestors were.

  Geographically, the largest number of such creatures were killed in Australia (88 percent) and America (83 percent) and the least in Africa and Asia. Since Africa is the place of origin of humans, the relationship of large animals with humans there is much older than elsewhere, so they acquired the natural disadvantage to tolerate human oppression, and they survived. The facilities that humans did not have for the creatures of the new places. As a result, the three became victims of humans. 

Indian subcontinent how large creatures survived?

Why didn't such big creatures die in this Indian subcontinent? Coexistence . Yes, the human-elephant relationship developed in this region may have saved the elephant from extinction. It can be seen that elephants have become an important part of human civilization, culture, religion and economy in the Indian subcontinent since at least 4,000 years ago. 

The rulers here, especially Raja Maharaja, keep elephants and it is also found that the measure of the state's power and prestige is determined by the number of elephants. The armies of the Mauryas, Guptas and Mughals who ruled the Indian subcontinent used elephants extensively in battle. For that, it is found that they protect the forest to protect the habitat of elephants.

About 2400 years ago, the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka made a religious rule that severely punished those who harmed elephants. Perhaps the reason why large mammals such as elephants, which have been exterminated in other continents, continue to live here is due to the protection of elephant habitats by the kings here, the prohibition of elephant hunting and elephant breeding through moral and religious laws.

The rough history here from one thousand years to Emperor Ashoka can be called the destruction of larger fauna than in environmental gergena, biodiversity loss (scientists call it Quaternary Megafuna Extinction) and Emperor Ashoka's steps can be called protection of biodiversity .

Now, fast-forwarding through millions and thousands of years of Prague history, I bring you a few hundred years ago. Around the year 1773, that is, exactly 252 years ago, when the Gorkhali King Prithvi Narayan Shah was invading eastern Nepal, British engineer James Watt was making the steam engine refined and economical. With the creation of the coal-powered engine, the need to rely on water power to run the machine came to an end. As our village houses are located along the river, at that time the industries in Britain were only around the river, because the energy needed to run the industrial machines came from the water . James Watt's coal-fired engine not only spread industry beyond the river in Britain, British influence and colonization spread around the world through ships and trains built using his engine.

Before the industrial revolution, that is, from the time of Emperor Ashoka until Prithvi Narayan Shah climbed Manj Kirat, man's source of energy was only his muscles, that is, his own arms and the animals he reared. But after the industrial revolution enabled people to run machines using fossil fuels, the capacity of industries and factories increased and the size of the business economy also increased.

In the early days after the industrial revolution, despite the poverty, age and misery of the workers working in the British industry, the changes brought about by the industrial revolution made people around the world richer, live longer and happier. There has been a significant change in people's living standards. The biggest change was in the following two hundred years, the human population on earth increased from 1 billion to 8 billion. Even in a country like Nepal, which is at the bottom of the world in the race of human progress, there were extensive changes in these indicators of progress. Compared to 1950, Nepalis would live twice as long now. I have outlived Alexander the Great, the emperor of the largest empire and the most powerful man in the world. He died at the age of 32 from a common disease like typhoid. Today typhoid is not a disease.

When I was born, nearly three-quarters of people in Nepal lived in extreme poverty (earning $2.15 a day). Now that number is very low . Although nothing has happened in the last 50 years, there has been a significant change in education, basic health, nutritional status, access to electricity and the expansion and growth of transportation. 

I am a man born in Gorkha, even though he was a king, Prithvi Narayan Shah could never eat rice in the dim light. Today, almost every house in Gorkha has electricity. We are going to have dinner in the sunlight. When King Prithvi Narayan Shah came to the then Kirant state and present day Morang Jhapa, he came across the Sunkoshi river by sailing a boat arranged by Harinanda Upadhyaya, a rich Brahmin of Manj Kirat. We citizens have now flown and arrived in Jhapa . Probably because of all these, the number of people who say they are happy with their lives in the World Happiness Report published based on the results of the Gallup survey has increased all over the world, including Nepal.

But the price of such unimaginable human progress is getting high for people other than humans . After humans learned to use homemade weapons, large mammals disappeared from this earth . After people started burning coal and oil, its impact is not only on some organisms, but on the air, water, land and life of the entire earth. From the depth of the sea to the height of Mount Everest. The earth has become dirtier and hotter than ever. According to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, the Earth has now entered the boiling stage.

Last year, in 2024, the Earth's average temperature increased by 1.5 degrees Celsius compared to the time before the industrial revolution. Which is the hottest year in the history of one million years of the earth . The global climate change agreement, known as the Paris Agreement, aims to limit the Earth's temperature rise to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Last year may have been an exception, but we are gradually moving towards exceeding that set limit . 

Sea temperatures have also set new records in the past few years and decades. The main reason for the increase in temperature is the emission of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which is accumulating on the earth.

Ice naturally melts when it gets warmer. Over the past two years, the rate of melting of ice at the Earth's North and South Poles has been the highest ever measured. Compared to 1970, the amount of ice frozen in the North Pole has decreased by more than the area of ​​our country. Not only in the two poles of the earth, but also in the Himalayan region, which is called the third pole, due to the increase in temperature, the rate of melting of the snow has increased. 

This year the permanent snow cover on Everest has moved up to (5) meters, which used to be at 6100 meters in Sardar . If not, why is the temperature increase in the Himalayan region more than elsewhere? Last year itself, out of 113 weather measuring stations in Nepal, the previous high temperature record was broken in 13 stations. The average annual temperature of Nepal from 1951 to 1980 was 11.67 degrees Celsius and from 1991 to 2020 it has reached 12.85 degrees Celsius. The average temperature has increased by 1.18 degrees Celsius in Nepal during these two periods. The number of days with temperatures exceeding 35 degrees Celsius is also increasing every year .

Even now, the rate of glacier spread is higher in Nepal and other Himalayan regions compared to other places. If the earth's temperature remains at 1.5 degrees for a long time, scientists have estimated that 30 to 50 percent of the glaciers in this region will disappear by the year 2100. With the increase in temperature, when the glaciers melt and form glaciers . They will turn into time bombs . This year we have seen the results of the eruption of glaciers in the lower coastal areas. And, we saw it in neighboring Sikkim two years ago. Studies say that there are about 200 such time-bomb glaciers in the Himalayan region, which are in danger of exploding at any time.

When the temperature increases, the process of rainfall also changes. When the cloud is 1 degree warmer, its water carrying capacity increases by 7 percent. Therefore, when the temperature of the earth increases, the sea and lake water quickly evaporates and the air and clouds accumulate in the atmosphere with more humidity. The rain caused by such clouds is heavy and heavy. As it happened in West Nepal from the middle of October 2078 to November 2. At that time Dadeldhura, which receives 1400 mm of rain annually, received 500 mm of rain within 48 hours . Rising temperatures will increase not only heavy rains, but also dry spells . Which we all have been experiencing in recent winters . In terms of numbers, overall annual rainfall in Nepal has decreased by 13 percent in 1991-2020 compared to 1951-1980 .

With the continuous increase in temperature, increased heavy rainfall, drought, and extreme heat have increased the incidence of floods and mudslides . As a result, it has a wide impact on the agricultural system, water supply, public health, and livelihood. Climate-related disasters have been increasing in Nepal in recent decades. In the last decade, from 2011 to 2020, 225 landslides and more than 150 floods occur annually in Sardar. In this way, there will be a rapid increase in climate-related events, but there is a lack of resources and power to deal with them, and Nepal has been ranked as one of the most dangerous countries in the world in terms of the threat of climate change.

Another environmental problem after climate change is biodiversity loss. Biodiversity is the variety of life on earth. From our food to the feed of the cattle we raise, from the various medicines we use to the energy we consume, biodiversity or nature is the source . To protect the changing air, to protect the air, people like disasters such as various diseases such as different diseases and float, or nbsp;. I already mentioned in biodiversity of Jhapa and Nbsp;. Nepal biodiversity is a place in the 36 places of the most richest earth (Wristist Hotspot) & Nbsp ;..

but like climate change is not even the condition of the Earth's current biodiversity and nbsp;. The world's consumption has been increased by up to 10 percent of human consumption and food production by 300 percent. The urban population has doubled in 1990 and Nbsp;. 1970, in 1970, has increased by 40 percent as a global stiry

and nbsp;. The wide driven of setting a new city, to use too much and feeding many people and nbsp;. Over the period of two decades, the area of ​​Nepal equivalent of Nepal equivalent was underway to the earth, during the last two decades and Nbsp;. Similarly, 80 percent of the Paramalian part of the earth's kidney since was now 22, the 80 percent of the earth's kidney is destroyed and NBSP;. Overall, 70 percent of the earth has changed their favorable changes and nbsp;.

usually takes millions of years to establish from an excuse and disperse, and Nbsp ;. Our ancestors worked 40,000 years of old age, 40 thousand years, for erading 178 big species. But the last 100 years, 400 species have become extinct from the back of the end. Dhanhan has the same situation in the present few decades, it will be able to disappear from this earth and nbsp;... And, in Nepal there are 233 such

crisis species, which are the population of many of which the population of many are declining.

will have a negative effect on the products, economy and human goodness in human goodness. For example, if the insects of insects are on the earth, it is estimated 235 to 577 billion and nbsp per anniya.

but not all the species found in nature benefit people or nbsp;. Some plants or animals reach our hard loss in the social, economic, human and spatial environment of new places, as they are from their mainstrops and natural habitats and nbsp;... Through a flowering environment for the decoration of the twentieth century, there is a great problem spread out of a human control allporation and Nbsp ;.. Similarly, the tilaspia fish entered the pond for the pond and nbsp the local fish of the rhythm of Pokhara. The condition of the Renbo Trout is going to be the same & NBSP;. The outer or nbsp is called such problems and nbsp; 6.

but not all the external species are not fixed and he doesn't like a loss to man and the environment and nbsp;.. Now the tea of ​​Nepal has become a major export of Nepal's main exports and nbsp;.. For 1863, Vand Bahadur is planted by a Chinese Empermark the tea seeds of a Chinese Empermatia for the first time and Nbsp ;.. Nepali soils were not known by Nepali soil to export from Nepal up to 80 years ago. A potent as a mandatory made in our vegetables are not found in the previous appointed instruments and nbsp;. Corkpatrick has written not to produce potatoes in Nepal to protect fresh seeds in the NCount of Kiddam Nepal 'and Nbsp ;.. Burning and becoming extraordinary connected culture not as Nepali-excluded culture and nbsp; 5 577 species of farming in geneuries of Nepal's agricultural crops, Farmers of Farmers Farmelims of Farmelims {93 external species, an external species.

is required to have high reproductive rates and not more than more than more than higher profit and more than local species that can spread rarely. When they get such species in a new place, the men who suddenly get the environment in the name of the new place, change the number of arches in the number of people suddenly to have the same increase in the number of the people. Righting Guarans, which are from the 19th century from Nepal, are there to be role and Nbsp ;.

overall Nepal has made suitable surrender species for print variatures: Nbsp ;. In recent times, such species continue such species spread by sprinking and increasing number of such species in number.

In 2005, that number is currently 30, has been found today and Nbsp 69 species of wildlife. Simplical nature plants of plant vegetation falls in the third high affected countries in terms of a world economy and nbsp;. Jhapa district is actually the restinition of such species in Nepal and Nbsp ;. So far, such an external sources entering Nepal, such people entering Nepal, they find it far from here and nbsp;. Three years ago, 70 pillars of Birtamodod was dead, and Nbsp, a farmer named Windmodod;.

such species occupies early the volleys of the forest and the seat and nbsp;. So Nepal's Built Forest and Charani and Charan, light forests, smelling blue / white plants and nbsp in Nepal and NBSP;. Climate change enhances the spread of meant species, so there seems to grow in the future, and Nbsp in Nepal. Moreover, the spread of midwahy botanis helps the forest rising and nbsp;.

is seen as a big problem when talking about the environmental crisis of Nepal and the need for a big problem. Last year, in 2024, more than 5,000 incidents of events in Nepal decreased by 5,000 rods in Nepal and NBSP;. Which was covered with about 400,000 hectares as far as the ground. You have started coming to grow in routine floors now as and Nbsp ;.

has declined, changes to the economy, the economy of our reversion, remittance economy, and Nbsp to the community forests. Over the one, farming has declined, and nbsp after entering the tractor crown of eating grass. When animal husband is reduced and they do not need firewood, forestsp; 5; As a result, the fuel is accumulated for a bronze and nbsp;. Animal manner has been covered in the place where Chaiyerprints will be in the area where Charitarchnings are located and nbsp;.. The spread of such caterpillars between such caterries between forests and settlements has helped to move forest from settlement forests and nbsp;. Together, such as group forests of large collective participants, such as the construction of the prime floor of large collective participants, has declined in all the care, theoretical participation of the haralu, and Nbsp; 5.. The cause of the heat and winter and winter dryness due to lack of collectivity and the need of winter is increasing in the last years and Nbsp;. & Nbsp;

was in Nepal 33,000 wine rods by 2013 to 2024, from 2013 to 2024, and Nbsp;. Growing Forest Rising has not only been provided to large amounts of economic, social and environmental damage, it has also increased or nbsp;.. Another synonym of water and duration of Way is another synonym of Nepal and Nbsp ;. In 2024, Nepal was formed a country with a high-five-polished Wise in the world and Nbsp ;. The wind is polluted about 16 times more polluted than wind quality standards of the World Health Organization. The living city of Kathmandu was unbalanced (60 percent) days of about 365 days last year and Nbsp ;. So this city has wrapped the tak of the world from time to time and nbsp;. & Nbsp;

is polluted by Nepal's Kathmandu city and Nbsp ;. But study based on fetiletics Nepal has shown that Nepal's Eastern Terai district was more polluted than Kathmandu and Nbsp ;. Mahottari District Mamikan of the Most Wide In the air, the most dust is found (PM 2.5) & nbsp;. Then there is Rautham, Dhanus, Parsa and Sarlahi & Nbsp ;.

air pollution is a large environmental crisis of the world and nbsp;. Excessive invested by plastic is estimated to have about 9 billion tons of plastic production in the world so far. In 1950, 21 million tons of plastic production used plastic production and nbsp this and NBSP;. Attitude at the height of Mount Everest for the height of Mount Everest, for the height of the sea from Everest & Nbsp ;. Man drinks water, beer, eating salt, even a minor plastic particles are available than 5 micoplarites, and Nbsp;. As a plastic piece of such plastic, people are estimated to have eight million such plastic pieces in humans in manner in man, and Nbsp;. & Nbsp; The

i nature of nature is another high environmental problem with Nepal and nbsp;.. It has been so long that Nepal's atmosphere is so long that there is no river river in any possibly, where hypathy, shakes and fountains, and NBSP;. Ridwal of the hills and the landsuf of the road that has been tarnish, it is also invited to Bercene;. & Nbsp;

is also connected to the atmosphere and Nbsp ;.. Whether that crisis is divided by digging roads or the problem with forest fading, and Nbsp ;. Yu Yuva change or nbsp;. Cloudy changes are due to the rich people of rich people from rich people from rich people and nbsp; 5 The 20 percent of the world's high wealthy are 16 percent green home gases and nbsp;. The 20 percent of the world's importances are equal to 50 percent of the world poor populations. But the carnagers made by the rich in the urine, there is also the poorest, marginalized, women, tribal people and nbsp; 5.. The agricultural area of ​​the world has not enough to feed the population of a population for a year, and Nbsp;. & Nbsp;

in the very risk of air pollution is also considered to work on the streets, playing smoky dust, and nbsp; 5 Depending the number of people who die from landslides in Nepal, people from Dalit community die for more and nbsp ;. Organic diversity is more inclined with the living people found more and Nbsp ;. The fact that the number of fish left behind Sapti River is found in the gate and the mistail community in the gate and the mistahar is community in the gate and the world. Therefore, environmental justice and social justice is connected to one another, whether it is a global or local & nbsp;.

in the end, every creature on earth has certain environmental foreticism (NBSP;. The elephant cannot sit in mountains & nbsp;. The memorial tea is not to run & NBSP;. Fish cannot live without water & nbsp;. But people from Kambhari Dilue in the dry desert of Kerapuri, Charapuri can live from a cunning environment from the Kandhara to Himal, the Kaundha, Bhawar, a different environment, climate and liver from the coast. So we are only such creatures on earth, whose environmental percent (nic), not the peridtone (NIC); People have been persecuted in the environment where there is gone and squeected the environment. & Nbsp;. & Nbsp;

probably the greatest volutal of people is the greatest consumption of people as a species and nbsp;. And also weaknesses & nbsp;. It is also many perimesticles not to be single, and Nbsp ;. As people are produced in the same nature, he cannot go out of the environmentalistic environmental forms of the earth and NBSP;. Therefore, protecting the environment is also to protect people's own existence and Nbsp ;. Only the effects and solutions of additional nature devastation can only look for a solution and nbsp;. It is also human moral obligation to protect them because the factors of destruction is also a human obligation? Artic US Festival Holded In Johan Literature Festival Instructor of September 200; edited part of the given part of Presentation of Jhapa, Dhukh, Dhpah, Movers, Jhapa, Presentation Program; Edited excerpt of the given part of the given partition