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In Nepal, the place where trees with a height of up to two meters are found in the high Himalayas is called tree-line. Such tree lines are considered as climate indicators.
In those places, the trees are limited, i.e. they cannot move above them. In the Himalayan region of Nepal, Bhojapatra, Gobresalla and other species have formed tree lines. Shifting tree lines also indicate climate change. As temperatures rise, species are also moving up to adapt. Due to the increase in temperature, plants have started growing in some places in the Himalayan region where there was no vegetation before.
A research has shown that the Himalayan area has increased by 25 percent from 1977 to 2017 in Nepal. By the end of the century, if the global temperature rises by 1.5 degrees, 36 percent of the snow in the Himalayan region will melt, and if carbon emissions are emitted at the current rate, 64 percent of the snow will melt. Average temperature increase rate of Nepal is 0.056 per year. Thus, as the temperature increases, the tree line of the Himalayan region also moves up. As the temperature rises, the plants are beginning to establish themselves in the snow.
Various studies have shown that more than 52 percent of vegetation is moving above the tree line. Studies have shown that the tree line is moving up at a rate of 2.6 meters. Thus due to increase in temperature, plants have started to move upwards in search of suitable cold adapted environment. In this same Meso, the process of climbing over Bhojapatra and Gobresalla in the Himalayan region of Nepal continues. A study conducted by a team including Shalikram Sigdel, a Nepali scientist working at the Tibetan Plateau Research Institute, has shown the possibility that Gobresalla will replace the Bhojapatra forest in the form of a treeline. A research published in the journal Nature Plants has predicted that the forest of Gobresalla can be seen in the place where Bhojapatra is located after 100 years. Bhojapatra found in the Himalayan region has been considered as a tree line. This species is found in the Himalayan region from an altitude of 2500 to 4300 meters.
Gobresalla is found in the forest area of Bhojapatra. Based on the research done by Nepalese scientists, it is almost certain that Gobresalla will win the 'race' with Bhojpatra. Gobresalla is now projected to be established as a tree line species in the high Himalayas, many questions have also been raised. If the temperature continues to rise at the current rate, even the trees found in the high Himalayan regions will gradually move up to adapt. Research has shown that there will be a kind of competition between species to adapt with the increase in temperature. Where Gobresalla is seen to be moving up by 0.11 meters every year and Bhojapatra is increasing by 0.06 meters. Looking at the adaptation conditions of these species over the past 200 years, it seems that Gobresalla can be found at the height of Bhojapatra forest in the future. This is seen for two reasons. Bhojapatra was stable and could not rise up a bit, while Gobresalla was found to be adaptable. It seems to affect the ecological services and other systems of the Himalayan region. In the
study, compared to Bhojapatra, the number of Gobresalla has also increased and is moving upwards in the last decade. Both species rose due to warming, but at different rates. "Over the last 200 years, Gobresalla has risen 0.11 meters, while Bhojapatra has risen 0.03 meters per year," said Sigdel's earlier study. Meanwhile, Gobresalla was found 26 meters above the forest where Bhojapatra was found. It is mentioned in his study published in 2018 that there are records found up to 30 meters above.
The research was done based on the plants located at 4,096 meters and 4,54 meters altitude in Everest region and 4,031 meters altitude in Manang. Botanist Sigdel ran a computer model based on various future climate indicators during research. The conclusion of which is that the forest species will be replaced by the kondhari forest. Earlier in Nepal, a study based on these two species established the fact that the trees in the eastern Himalayan region are taller than in the western Nepal. Sigdel's team had earlier conducted a study in the areas of Everest, Kanchanjunga, Lamtang, Manang, Jumla, Humla and others, and it was seen that the tree line had moved up to 56.1 meters. According to Sigdel's earlier study, Bhojapatra has reached a height of 4217.2 meters in the Kanchenjunga region. Bhojapatra, which was found at a height of 3885 meters in 1960, increased by 46 meters to a height of 3931.4 meters in 2015. In Lamtang, it was found to have reached from 4042.4 meters to 4051.4 meters. In the case of Gobresalla, the rate of upward movement is also increasing. It was found to reach a height of 4098.9 meters in the Everest region. Gobresalla has been found to have moved up to 56 meters in the area between 150 years.
As the tree line moves, it also affects the biodiversity, wildlife, herbs and shrubs of the Himalayan region. As in the high Himalayan region of Nepal, Raithane vegetation is found at a difference of a few meters. If tree species start to grow in places where there are such plants found in a limited area, there is a greater risk of extinction of those species. While moving above the tree line, on the other hand, the snow leopard found in the Himalayan region is also in danger of moving downwards in search of food.
