Commentary on 'youth migration' has been created based on the data that about 2.2 million Nepalis are outside the country for employment, study, training or permanent residence or about 8-10 million Nepalis go abroad for employment in countries including India. The dimensions of domestic and foreign employment and some aspects of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in the country have been discussed in this article.

60,000-70,000 years ago, primarily for survival and survival, the migration of humans started from Africa and spread over time to Asia, Europe, Australia and America. Such migration has intensified at various important moments in history. Environmental changes and the search for fertile land for agriculture, especially in the period of 10,000 BC, saw the acceleration of human migration. Due to factors such as population growth, changes in lifestyle and competition for fertile roles, migration in search of new opportunities and areas seems to have gained more intensity.

When the Roman, Persian, Chinese, Mongol and Arab empires were established and expanded in the medieval period, it was found that the (ex)migration of troops and religious pilgrims and propaganda increased the intensity of migration along with commercial, touristic and other economic activities. Due to the unprecedented expansion and impact of economic and trade, exploration, knowledge and colonization in some European countries from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, and especially the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, migration from different countries of the world in search of employment and a better life was promoted.

During the same period, a large number of people from India and China migrated to the colonies of the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and Africa, and Europeans also migrated to North and South America. After the Second World War, migration increased significantly when immigrants from colonial and neighboring countries were brought in to rebuild Europe. And, in the past few decades, due to globalization, unemployment and economic opportunities created in some countries, international migration has reached its highest point. Citizens of South Korea, which is considered a destination country today, were employed in the fields of nurses, mining, and construction from the 1960s to the 1980s. In the same way, in the 18th and 19th centuries, due to the lack of economic opportunities in the country, Swiss citizens made a living for themselves and their families by working in mercenaries in the countries of America and South America, and some Swiss citizens abroad in France, Spain, and the Netherlands. 

Not only Nepalese, in the 19th and early 20th century, the citizens of countries like Italy and Portugal, which are now the destination countries for Nepalese, went to America and other European countries for employment due to economic and political reasons. Even today, a significant number of Nepalis are going to work in Western Europe from countries like Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, which are becoming the destination of Nepalis. 7 percent of Nepal's population is outside the country, while 12-25 percent of the population from these countries are still working abroad as both skilled and unskilled workers.

Especially, they have been working abroad because of the higher salary arrangements in other countries than in their own countries. According to the United Nations International Migration Report of 2024, the highest number of citizens have migrated from countries with high-income countries such as India, China and Russia to middle-income countries such as Mexico. 1 crore 85 lakh citizens of India, 1 crore 17 lakh citizens of China, 1 crore 16 lakh citizens of Mexico and 91 lakh citizens of Russia lived in other countries. What these facts clearly establish is that migration of people can be not one or two, but many and individual and structural, and this process has been going on uninterruptedly. 

Commentary on foreign employment and youth migration 

After the Sugauli Treaty, many Nepalis started working in the British army. They gradually started going to Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong. There he started working in the field of security. From the end of the 20th century, Nepalis started arriving to work in the construction, production and service industries. On the other hand, with the implementation of the Foreign Employment Act by the government for the first time in 2042, Nepalis began to formally arrive in countries other than India. Especially the gulf countries and Malaysia came through emigration. In the case of

numbers, it intensified during the Maoist conflict (2052-2063). In 2052, the process of obtaining a passport for ordinary citizens and the service was expanded to the district. Later, the Foreign Employment Act, 2064 came into force. Along with this, there was a significant increase in the emigration of Nepalese youth for foreign employment. From 2063 to 2082, more than 6.5 million work permits were issued in various destination countries, and Nepal has been recorded as the country with the fastest rate of youth outflow in Asia.

In the last one year, the highest number of 839 thousand 270 labor permits have been issued in history. Whether they are economically poor or rich, from low education to higher education, they have migrated abroad for employment. He has gone to 66 countries including Japan, Canada, Australia, UK, America, South Korea for higher education. 

Based on this trend of going abroad, there is a strong commentary on youth migration in Nepali society. Income, education, diversification of resources, social prestige and the desire for a luxurious life have also worked in the case of going to study or work in countries like America, Europe and Australia from high middle or high wealth families, and some of them even live there. However, those who went for temporary employment in Gulf countries, Malaysia, Israel, Japan and Korea, which do not have a policy for permanent residence with a work permit, return to the country in equal proportion. Therefore, it is not correct to add the comment of escape in their case. 

India, Gulf countries and Malaysia are mostly migrating from poor families. They have come there to fulfill their basic needs like daily consumption, education and health services. This group, which is the largest in number, does not have enough cultivable land to support their families by doing something in the field of agriculture in the country. There is no self (employment) and no capital to run a business. It is difficult to get government subsidies and take loans at low interest rates. It is an ironic situation to have to hire a leader, pay bribe or go through the procedural pains of banks and financial institutions.

On the other hand, those who are engaged in subsistence farming also have to suffer the effects of climate, natural calamities, limited land availability, inadequate irrigation, and soil erosion on agricultural productivity and quality. This has had a negative impact on their livelihood. In this group, the level of formal education is also weak, so that they do not get the opportunity to earn a high income and decent work in Nepal. Among the 5.2 million people in the country who lack adequate food security, there are mainly the less educated, Dalits and economically disadvantaged people from remote or rural areas. Likewise, a total of 8.2 million people aged 10 years and above are not economically active. Therefore, whether it is commendable or reprehensible for others, foreign employment has become a lifeline for them.

In the case of those who have reached Europe, America, Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the second-third generation were born there or grew up and studied there from a young age, the commentary on migration may be relevant. But those who have grown up in Nepal and gone to that country, have acquired TR or PR or citizenship there, have their own society, culture and country in their mind and brain. There are also examples of some Nepalis selling their property and arranging permanent residence there, but most of them still invest in Nepal. They are constantly sending remittances to their families and relatives. They have helped Nepal and Nepalis during times of natural calamities like earthquakes or corona epidemics. Some have contributed their knowledge and capital to the development of their community and country through various means.

There is a friend and leader of mine, who contributed by staying in the country for a long time, but after some time, seeing the possibility of his progress and advancement within the country narrowed, he went abroad for further studies. But now, even though he is in a foreign land, he has been making an active and invaluable contribution to teaching and research in Nepal's Kathmandu University and Tribhuvan University. Therefore, even if you live in any country in the world, you can do commendable work for the country from the conscience of your heart. I am lost these days, if my well-wishers had not gone abroad, would the country have changed its development or the number of unemployment would have increased? Or would it increase restlessness and disgust?

Surely there would have been some change in the equation of power through voting or there could have been some positive or negative change on the part of social upheaval and movement. But again, we cannot expect fundamental differences in (self) employment, industry and entrepreneurship. There are still a large number of unemployed youth in the country. Various studies have shown that most of the restless and unemployed youth in Nepal and those who have returned from foreign employment want to go abroad again rather than doing anything in the country. Therefore, instead of making hypocritical and populist appeals to youths who have gone abroad to return to the country and blaming Nepalis who have gone abroad for fleeing, the rulers, policy makers and those at the implementation level should take the main responsibility for the reason why the youths have gone abroad.

Look at the policies and programs and budgets of each year of the government at all three levels, see the details of the budget and plan distribution sent by leaders and activists on social media, only the construction of physical development such as roads, buildings, bridges, etc. has been prioritized. (Self)employment creation and entrepreneurship are only limited to slogans. Small and medium industries, which can create many jobs. There are many examples of them being registered and closed within a short period of time or no economic activity. And what should the youth do without emigration?

On the other hand, after changes in the economic and social environment and labor market in the destination country, there have been changes in the 'well thought out', 'planned' and 'strategic' (migration) policies of those countries. Who played an important role in the emigration of Nepalese. Destination countries sometimes make their immigration policies stricter and sometimes more open or flexible according to their needs. Which has been giving a definite shape to Nepali's foreign employment and destination.

For example, policies like DV and TPS have been encouraging Nepalis. Likewise, the policies of free movement within the European Union have encouraged the citizens of Poland, Romania and Bulgaria to go and work in other rich countries. In recent times, Portugal's strict policy towards migrant workers has discouraged foreign employment by making it the target of TRC and PRC. Which at least for me is not a new and complicated topic. But it is interesting, are we taking steps sensitively about such developments and their possible impact? My conclusion is that we are not in that direction at all.

Commentary on remittances, savings and investment

The country receives 26-27 percent of annual remittances compared to GDP. This has led to an increase in foreign exchange reserves. Which has increased the ability to import goods and services. Likewise, 35.6 percent of Nepalese households have received remittances annually. Those families have received an average of 3 lakh 15 thousand 539 rupees. Various studies have shown that migrant families mainly use remittances to improve their financial situation and rise out of poverty, for education, health or housing. But there is a strong and passionate comment that remittances are not used in the productive sector in Nepal.

Of course, although there is an unsatisfied and well-intentioned thought of those who are in financial need to save the money earned from foreign employment, there is little possibility of such a possibility. On the other hand, it became difficult to save due to having to go abroad at a high cost in search of loans at high interest rates. Due to the weak economic situation, they are forced to spend a large part of the remittances they earn from foreign employment on household food, daily consumables, children's education and paying family debts. As per the

- According to the data of the financial year 2080/81, families who went for foreign employment spent 72, 13.5 and 3.4 percent on consumer goods, debt repayment and education, respectively. Only 9 percent invested in movable and immovable capital. In addition, if the savings and investments made by the families of immigrants who went to countries like Korea, Israel, America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Britain, Europe and Canada and the families of workers who went to the Gulf, Malaysia and India are to be segmented and compared, surely the possibility of savings and investment in the families of the workers who went to the Gulf, Malaysia and India is undoubtedly low. Therefore, the remittance that the remittance sent by this group is not used by this group is not only wrong, not only wrong, is also prevalent. There is another year to connect to

remittances - Imported goods spent in consumption of imports. This is usually analyzed by connecting the constant growing trade deficit of Nepal. Are Importing goods like declining diet, petrol, vehicles, vehicles, and gold and stils in India in Bay, Malaysia and India?

isn't a lot to buy phone and television for the family. Eating oil and cooking gas became basic needs. There are a group called high and high means called high and high means of building a gift, saying that ironic, this year building and establish this year. While, they and the family use those most highly prices the most highly priced items.

is always injector (the) Immigrant workers is a

of the dark employment of foreign employment of foreign employment, the issue of workers. It is proven in foreign employment annual former 13/1400 Nepalis. Similarly, 300 to 650,000 people need to return to Nepal with serious injuries and health problems. This few serious discussions have few serious discussion in the political and administrative circle. The country-BREAK-BREAK is either 'transgressing death "in the country, either the country's death, or' natural death '. But the study is mainly the cause of such death as a lot of death and living habits. But these issues are never interested or priority. Similarly, most Nepali workers from normal normal patients and seriously illiterate sick and employers are reluctant by the responsibility instead of being treated. They return to Nepal as soon as possible as it would not be a burden to death.

is required to work for business security and health sustainability while living in employment. In the other hand, injured and disability and seriousness and seriousness conditions have to be serious about the long-term care of their dependence and welfare.

, the bodies of deceased immigrant workers, and the scholarships, health support, etc. of Rs. The deceased and serious injured and health problems have also been promoted not only long-term families not only long-term families.

's country's immigration policy, policies and programs on employment and re-retirement are not touching them. Don't these meanings of destination country and employer responsibilities? Are they only civil choice? In these issues and destination countries have been bile in diplomatic and politically for responsibilities and accountability? These issues are not in public information. Another important topic that has not been priority is not going to the element of interest in Bhavi Day and Malaysia for decades in Bariya and employment for decades for decades and low-salary facility. Of course, high-skilled skills in the country are there to declare their citizens from employment in employment and to get foreign labors in elementary profession including Nepali.

, Nepal's labor diplomacy has not been possible for opportunities of high skilled and well-earned cares. In the fields, including Nepal-engineering, IT, technical, issue, etc., in areas of employment, IT, technical, chatter, etc. are also working in search of misunderstandings by seeking employment in their own initiative. It seems likely to find good opportunities for Nepali Nepalis. Of course, goingamages on the main labor committee of Nepalis or in investing was internation for direct or indirects, it is useless to expect the right-related intellectuality of the workers and his family.

sometimes is heard for public consumed. But that, big people from seeing the revolutionary, not to embarrass the political parties and his leadership, to lift or give gifts from the labor. However, the specific issues of the workers have not received a national debate, the nationality or budget construction process. Workers' situation in the country should have to go a serious attention of the lawyer while becoming new to the foreign employment policy? In fact, not even from the ministry than from the Ministry and the policy of the parliamentary committee should not come? You are a cable, abortibrous scholars and accorded blessings. But the real requirement of the workers is astonishing the sensitivity for the real requirement, screams and unconsciousness.

repatriate (self) employment or entrepreneur? & nbsp;

or Entrant-Entrants or Entrepreneurship or Entrepreneurship or Foreign Privilege, Entactory and Dignified Foreign employment is employment, important one, is the availability of numeric and qualitative human resources. During the development of information technology, economic development and entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship are made of majority. The skills of the Nepali workers' skills, the skills of Nepali workers, there is a positive and enthusiastic aspect of the development of Nepali workers. For example, 64 percent of labor permission, then 64 percent of labor permission, that ratio fell 21.9 percent in 2023/24. On the other hand, the number of skilled workers increased from 27.8 percent to 69.5 percent. But those skills to be provided by our schools required in the internal and international labor market; If the

has been able to have a quality of quality, and the style of the product is not only for the development of his alert and distinctive of skills, money accumulated and manpower to the people who have gathered foreign employment and manpower Of Agency, Health Organization, Insurance Company and Irritable Tailing Proidal From interest conjugated by the interests conducted from the Foreign Employment Welfare Fund, a negative training led by Kathmandu Valley Kathmandu Valley is enough. Or how does the quality of the training providers of the training provider happens? The government's reserved monitoring and assessment came to be reserved. But even in the board, electricity representatives and delegates of trade unions do not seem to be found in these issues. Some of MP and leaders may not know that about it.

is another important pattern to create opportunities to create opportunities. But the number of young people of young people from more active and energy menpower are full of active and energy people in the country (self) or the entrepreneuries of living in the country is not seen positive. Like a day, the diary begins with news of great corruption.

grows extreme dismance towards despair and governance system. For the youth, obliges the obligation to go for foreign employment. The youth that some college and university are drawing to the Micrian, Japanemy, or English science than in their studies. These youths and general people have extreme dissatisfaction over political parties and old leaders. So they are searching for employment and future than the land. They are looking for solutions to alternative peoples that they are not in structure, methods and institutions. & Nbsp;

is certainly to communicate hope in them and most of the Social Media, TV, TV, TV and Yootub (Friday) Can't only be fulfilled with the work of solving the problems alone. Most young people would not have to build employment, regular and proper income, home education, drinking water and social security for years. In some cases, high loans, exploitation and other risk.

is not allowed to get the market, but when the market is not allowed to get the market, it will not get the proper price but in the hand of news headline, but the problem of farmer will remain. The milk producer farmer and vegetable farmers do not get the proper value of vegetables, the heartworizing view of the rulers does not touch the hearts of rulers. There was a long-awlicity in the land called Agreement in Barbaric. & Nbsp;

government is not focused on production, productivity, productivity, productivity, and dignified employment growth, nearly 14 billion will continue to grow up. And, for 30-40 thousand, youth will not stop. Wouldn't it not have to be priority towards the support of entering the entrepreneurial or self-employment in the country by essentializing or self-employment that the state can not ensure that they are not necessary to go abroad. To declare the decade of inner employment but focusing on foreign employment is not only in vain, and endless series for country development. & Nbsp; The problems in the country in the country are also required to address the problems in the country within the country to encourage young people in the country for self-controling or entrepreneurship. Instalular workers of agriculture, construction, bulk and retail trade must be addressing. Despite the employment, there is no need for workers, income, labor rights and social security of workers. Similarly, the process of employment is also easy and transparent. Salary facility is not appropriate. There is no revenue of employment. Therefore, Nepali youths consists foreign employment in its option. The base of the Story Government of Government 'Sustainable Development and Prosperity:' Life, Social Road, 'or Valid Nepal, Variety, Nida,' is not the case. Nor is they determined to hear the world's conflict between the end of the end of the feudal monarchy, the end of the Maoist conflict and the importance of democracy. The main thing is that these slogans has brought the masterful change in their lives.

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History is often written by tears and blood, split in the dark. But think so, if it is not tease and blood? If that turn did not come? Kantipur has brought the new debate series: 'Alternational history,' if some decisive events of Nepal developed, we are a little happy today? Would you be happy Or we are struggling for this purpose? We are returning to the first series, for the palace of 2058 BS, who has been completed in one night. The flood of the palace from Kirani, Queen, Yuvraj, again renounced the pillar of price, perhaps the foundation of the foundation.