Even after the establishment of multi-party democracy in 2046 and Federal Democratic Republic in 2063, there has been relatively no economic development, and questions have been raised about Nepal's economic policy and development model. The Congress government formed under the leadership of Girija Prasad Koirala from the general elections of 2048 followed a liberal economic policy by making a policy 'departure'.

Because of that policy, the sick economy was uplifted. But in the name of liberal economy, the UML, Maoists and other communist parties have been alleging that they have destroyed the economy by adopting privatization, globalization and market-oriented policies.

Political parties, economists, political scientists, policy makers and planners have been making accusations about the economy, economic policy and development model for a long time. There have been no theoretical and policy debates based on facts. 

There have been debates, disputes and accusations about economy, economic policy and development model not only in Nepal but globally. At present, debate and controversy are more focused on economy, economic policy and development model than on political ideology, argument and theory.

Indeed, the future of democracy is also intertwined with the economy and development. The global dissatisfaction and anger towards democracy has been created because of the lack of economic development according to public opinion. Criticism towards democracy seems to be more due to economy, economics and development rather than political ideology and theory.

Therefore, for the establishment of an advanced and equitable society with social justice, it is inevitable to objectively review the economic policy and development model being adopted after 2048 and follow an appropriate roadmap. 

progressive liberal economy 

Liberal economic policies have contributed positively to the economy. But according to the wishes of the people, relatively economic and social goals could not be achieved. Not only questions have been raised at the public level about Nepal's economy, economic policy and development model, but there has also been sharp criticism.

This is the reason why there is widespread displeasure, dissatisfaction and anger among the people. It is not possible to improve the deteriorating economy by continuing this economic policy. Therefore, the time has come to seriously review and review the existing economic policy and development model and follow appropriate policies. 

Like in other countries of the world, in Nepal, there is a debate about all kinds of arguments, economy and economics like liberalism, capitalism, socialism, democratic socialism, Marxism, state-controlled economy. But in a country where socialism is written in the constitution, all the old and new parties, including Congress, UML, Maoist, Samajwadi Party and RSVP, advocate socialist economic policy.

All these parties are chanting socialism as a holy mantra in such a way that the discussion of the economy is socialist. The most popular comment is that there is no development because socialist policies and programs have not been implemented. Is socialism the only model of economy and development? Such a serious question should be resolved on a theoretical and conceptual basis.

The 19th and 20th centuries became a century of political and economic conflicts and ideologies, competition and recriminations. The liberalism of Thomas Hobbes in the 16th century and the modern liberalism of John Locke in the 17th century and the economic liberalism of Adam Smith, who is considered the father of modern economics, dominated in the 18th century.

In the 19th century, JS Mill theorized political and economic liberalism in his book On Liberty. In the 20th century, Milton Freudman's 'Capitalism and Freedom' and Friedrich Hayek's 'The Road to Slavery' provided a sharp rebuttal to Marxism with more theoretical explanations. Political, economic and personal freedom are the main principles of Locke, Smith, Mill, Freudman, Hayek. 

In the 19th century, the Communist Manifesto of Karl Marx and the publication of Das Kapital and the successful Russian Revolution under the leadership of Lenin and the establishment of the Communist regime led to the strong emergence of Communist ideology. Liberal democratic and economic ideology became defensive due to the economic depression of the countries with liberal democratic systems in the 1930s and the economic growth of the Soviet Union from the 1950s to the 1970s.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the dominant liberal (capitalist) and communist (Marxist) ideologies have been debated and contested. But with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall with the beginning of the 1990s, the global message that the communist theory was defeated and democracy and liberalism won. That is why the liberal political scientist Francis Fukuyama wrote his much-hyped book 'The End of History', concluding that the communist era had ended and liberal democracy had triumphed.

Columbia University professor Joseph Stinglingz, who has been studying and researching the liberal economy since the 1990s, has been criticized by liberal economists such as Paul Krugman, a columnist of The New York Times.

Similarly, this year's Nobel Prize-winning professor James Robinson in economics, Harvard University professor Danny Rodrik, and other liberal economists have criticized neoliberalism and advocated for economic equality. They conclude that

statism, neoliberalism and marketism have failed. Expressing the idea that marketism is chaotic and uncontrolled in the name of capitalism, they have advocated extensive structural reform and transformation in the capitalist economy.

In his book 'The Path to Freedom' published in 2024, Stingling proposed progressive capitalism with social justice. Even Fukuyama, the spokesman of the liberal side, has criticized the market economy as one of the main reasons for weakening the state, and it was not surprising that economists influenced by Marxist ideology like Thomas Piketty criticized it. 

When analyzing the above national-international economic and political scenario, marketism and crony capitalism in the name of capitalism and state monopoly in the name of socialism failed. Now there is no alternative to liberal economy and policy. But the liberal economy should not be blinded, appropriate policies should be adopted according to Nepal's economy and national environment.

Economy is developed not by state intervention, but by facilitation on the basis of liberal economics. Because productivity growth, entrepreneurship, investment-friendly environment, employment and private wealth are positive aspects of a liberal economy.

because there has been a massive change in the dimensions of capital, production, means of production and distribution compared to the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on these dimensions, the economy has been developing. Therefore, as in the world economy, there is a need for extensive structural reform and transformation in Nepal. 

A liberal economy with inclusive economic growth and social justice is the solution to the current problems by controlling the distortions inherent in the neoliberal and market economy. Taking advantage of the opportunities offered by a liberal economy, its undesirable aspects should be effectively regulated by state regulatory bodies.

Such an economic policy will develop an independent economy and enhance a productive and employment-oriented economy. Therefore, a progressive liberal economy based on social justice based on the balancing role of the state and the private sector based on liberal values ​​is the next option. 

In view of such national-international economic and political environment, Congress General Minister Gagan Thapa has announced his view on the economy and development model of advanced Nepal. Expressing his opinion in favor of a liberal economy, he emphasized on sustainable, environment-friendly and employment-friendly development.

Likewise, the Congress has expressed the opinion that the second stage of economic reform will be led by pointing out that democratic socialism needs to be redefined in time. But none of the leaders of other parties in Nepal have publicized their views on the economy and development model.

inclusive economic growth 

Economic growth is essential for the development of any country. But economic growth must be inclusive. Not only capitalists, elites, traders, industrialists, middle class, brokers and middlemen benefited from economic growth. Such growth will only lead to further economic inequality and crisis. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

Since the historical period, the marginalized, oppressed and deprived communities, including the poor, workers, farmers, and the underprivileged, benefit equally from all the people, the real growth is the growth. Such growth is called inclusive economic growth. Therefore, the scope of economic growth should be inclusive, broad and focused on the poor. 

When all people experience development and achieve equal economic opportunities, people feel ownership, belonging and participation. It is the ownership, ownership and participation of every people that becomes the basis, energy and motivation of development and that is the solid foundation of inclusive economic growth.

Policy to reduce economic inequality based on inclusive economic growth should be given top priority. Because Nepal's biggest challenge is economic inequality, uneven economic growth and unemployment. Inclusive economic growth is indispensable for a self-reliant, productive and employment-oriented economy. 

It is necessary to fundamentally redefine the traditional and prevailing concept of development. Development is not only economic development, physical structure, economic index and facts, it is a comprehensive concept of overall human development. Development means human development. Without overall human development, economic indicators are just blank economic data. Development that does not develop humans is not development at all.

According to the traditional definition, government is portrayed as the driver of development and citizens as passive consumers. But such a flawed concept should be changed and according to the broad definition of human development, the principle that the people are not only the consumers of development, but also the center and conductor of development should be established. Therefore, the people participate in the development as well as ownership.

Such a comprehensive concept considers human development indices including quality education, health, employment, social security, and social justice as the basis. Human development is not possible without social security and social justice. 

Resource management and mobilization is the most important aspect for economic development. National capital alone is not enough for the development of Nepal, foreign aid and investment are also necessary. Considering Nepal's economy, grants should be prioritized over loans.

Likewise, subsidized loans and investments should also be mobilized so that the economy can afford it and the people are not burdened with additional debt. But an investment-friendly environment is a prerequisite for national capital mobilization and foreign aid. But there is no investment friendly environment in Nepal. If the indigenous resources and capital cannot be mobilized and foreign investment cannot be brought in, there will be neither economic development nor economic growth. 

Green economy and sustainable development 

In the scenario of global environmental crisis created due to climate change, green economy and sustainable and environmentally friendly development is the need of the day. Destruction is not development through unlimited exploitation of natural resources, heritage and environment. Due to destruction in the name of development in the past, such a serious environmental crisis has now been created.

Due to this environmental crisis, complex problems such as global temperature rise and climate change have been created, and future generations will have to pay more. If the balance between physical development and environment is not maintained by following sustainable and environmentally friendly development policy according to the concept of green economy, it is certain that a more complex challenge will be created in the future. 

Green economy is a sustainable and environmentally friendly development concept. A green economy promotes green economic growth and green jobs. Likewise, fair use of natural resources, protection of the environment and biological diversity, development of environment-friendly infrastructure, adaptation to climate change, low carbon emissions and renewable and clean energy are the basis of green economy development.

Such development is sustainable and environmentally friendly and this model is the best model of development. There is no alternative to green economy to achieve the goal of sustainable development by 2030. Therefore, environmental balance should be sensitive to the cases of climate change in line and the climate change and creating physically infrastructure should be given to the climate adaptation. Assimilating this reality, assimilating the reality, Nepal needs to follow the policy (climate adaptation increase (climate computer) policy.

In 2045, Nepal's commitment to reproduction, the country of green operation, protection of biodiversity, such as good and productive energy promotion, must follow green energy.

should follow the basis of national requirements and priorities by following the projects of great physical development and infrastructure construction policy. Therefore, sustainable and environmentally-friendly development is guaranteed by ensuring social, economic and environmental justice.

employment creative economy and development & nbsp; The economy and development model is higher and development model to create employment employment required for the construction of

Nepal. Nepal needs to follow such economy and development model, who will create enough and dignified job according to the daily education, abilities and skills.

will solve the unemployment problem on the one hand, while the use of cropping human resources will be stopped from abroad to build Nepal. The biggest capital in Nepal is human source. This can be taken forward in addition to mobilization by mobilizing human resources with such perplexed capacity. Therefore, the government needs to provide high priority and concession to establish employment created industry and service sector and expanding the government. & Nbsp;

but in the modern era of the fourth industrial revolution, entrepreneuries, tourism, water resources, energy, and traditional productive trade and traditional productive industries should also identify as well as a new region. The more employment of the

-BREAK industry and the production of knowledge and technology is also the additional employment of the economy, based on the economy and technology, employment opportunities can be created. Similarly, digittlelization, information technology, digital trade, digital banking, Articosterians, are also a new area of ​​employment. & Nbsp;

is weak 'Manfiable Hub' with the industrial of land industrial. However, it is possible to have a high level of hub (service sector) based on technology. The world markets are currently based on the most demanding technology now. The contribution of technology industry and service principle is increasing in the Story Economy. Extra, Microsoft, Googoft, Googo, Emjone, Nvindon, are based on all technology. A policy will give special priority to exporting digital service in the world where digitized. & Nbsp; Story-BREAP government should accept the self-employment self-employment, self-employment as an entrepreneurial and entrepreneury to develop an entrepreneurial and entrepreneury as an industrial and industrialist. The society should move entrepreneury and community creative and working for the entrepreneurial and workers.

is not likely to resolve the existing problems until it is creative, workers, workers, workers, workers, workers and entrepreneurs. But Nepal does not have a favorable environment for industrialization and entrepreneurs. The government should play the role of catalyt for empathy and skilled workers to enlectoral and nbsp to make skilled workers in electroly. & Nbsp;

conclusions from 1978, from 1978, communist China succeeded in a fast-pace due to liberal economy. As a result, there is now a world economy in the world. Since independent of the British colonies, India had been following socialist economy. But could not develop relatively economic development.